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Maybe you’ve heard the story of Baby Kal-El, whose father sent him to Earth in a rocket ship to escape the destruction of his home planet, Krypton. Despite the supportive community he finds on our planet — with the Kent family and his love Lois Lane — there’s a part of Superman that is truly alone in the universe.

Or take Peter Parker, raised by his aunt and uncle after the death of his parents only to see his uncle murdered by the same criminal the radioactive spider-bitten teen neglected to apprehend that very day. His guilt drives him to become Spider-Man. 

Childhood trauma doesn’t always inspire super-heroics. Heath Ledger’s psychotic Joker, as seen in 2008 film The Dark Knight, recounts tales of horrific abuse by a father who disfigures him. It’s a stark contrast to his heroic nemesis Batman, who saw his parents gunned down in front of him as a young boy.

If you want to talk childhood trauma in a fictional setting, you’ll find no shortage of it in the cinematic universes of and

Cinematic characters inspire study

This has inspired a unique study from the at the University of Calgary, published in the science and medical journal , which applies real-life clinical questionnaires on adverse childhood experiences (ACE) to select Marvel and DC characters, heroes and villains alike.

ACE questionnaires are widely used by clinicians to measure potentially traumatic events that occur during childhood, such as abuse or neglect. 

In applying the ACE questionnaires to Marvel and DC characters, the researchers found that higher scores — which indicate a more challenging childhood — were not the determining factor as to whether a character became a hero or a villain.

These findings reinforce the notion that ACE scores are not accurate predictors of bad behaviour. Rather, they may indicate potential risks and illuminate areas where extra supports could be helpful.

A way to talk to kids about difficult topics

 â€œIt’s an unconventional approach which may give us opportunities to talk to children about topics that are really difficult by using Marvel and DC characters as a way in,” says PhD, assistant professor in the Faculty of Nursing and one of the paper’s co-authors. “One challenge of mental health treatment is finding ways to talk about it, free of stigma, and this might engage millions of children who love the Marvel and DC movies. It’s a method for addressing child abuse and trauma, essentially, that’s non-confrontational and non-threatening.”

“It might even be inspiring,” notes Jackson. “Bruce Wayne’s parents died, and he didn’t become a villain, he became Batman. Maybe there’s hope for me, too.”

The paper was the brainchild of co-authors Bilal Ahmed, BN’22, and Gabriel Joaquino, BN’22, registered nurses who were undergraduate students at the time. Their initial hypothesis was that super villains would have higher ACE scores than superheroes. As the project developed, several researchers from the Faculty of Nursing contributed, including MN’16, assistant professor (teaching), and the lead author.

“As someone who has used ACE scores in clinical practice and previous research projects, I’ve observed that high scores are associated with a greater risk of toxic stress and poor health outcomes,” says Wigmore. “I was intrigued by this idea that higher scores might also be associated with villainy ... but instead, we found that childhood trauma doesn’t have to paint this dark path.”

Examples of characters who chose good

The study demonstrates another positive use for the ACE tool, beyond predicting the risk factors for children who have experienced trauma, says Wigmore. “Drawing on examples from the Marvel and DC worlds is another way of supporting children through their traumatic experiences, by showing them characters who chose good, even when things were hard.”

The study incorporates 28 characters from 33 films, with ACE scores evenly distributed between heroes and villains and Marvel and DC universes, with care paid to gender and racial diversity. Among the characters given the ACE treatment are Wonder Woman, Harley Quinn, Shang-Chi, Black Panther and his Wakandan foe Killmonger, and the gender-fluid Loki.

“It is great to see more diverse characters as superheroes,” says Jackson. “It increases the opportunity for a viewer to see a hero and think, ‘Hey, that’s me!’”

Perspective on early life experiences

The research largely refutes the idea that villains are a product of their experiences, says Jackson. “Black Widow has the highest ACE score but is a hero,” she notes. “Loki, on the other hand, was raised with loving parents in a life of royal privilege but he becomes a villain ... Based on the films we watched, characters chose to be heroes, and that was what made the difference — not their experiences.”

She adds: “Superhero films have made billions of dollars, so they clearly resonated with audiences worldwide. If we can use this popularity as a door to talk about how to support children, all the better.”

“For our next project, we’ll be looking at mental health and Taylor Swift songs, so stay tuned!”